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| | |   | | Stone Library: | | | | Please click links below to go to selected library topic: | | | TYPES OF NATURAL STONE: | |
The familiar stone types that are used today are identified through four categories: sedimentary, metamorphic,
igneous stone, and man-made.
I. Sedimentary stone came from organic elements such as glaciers, rivers, wind, oceans, and plants.
Tiny sedimentary pieces broke off from these elements and accumulated to form rock beds. They were
bonded through millions of years of heat and pressure.
Limestone: Mainly consists of calcite. It does not show much graining or crystalline structure. It has a
smooth granular surface. Varies in hardness. Some dense limestone's can be polished. Common colors are
black, gray, white, yellow or brown. It is more likely to stain than marble. Limestone is known to contain lime
from sea water.
Sandstone: Is a very durable formation of quartz grains (sand). Usually formed in light brown or red colors.
Categorized by the most popular sandstone bonding agents such as silica, calcium, clay, and iron oxide.
Soapstone: A very soft stone made of a variety of talc. It is a dense mineral that wears well and is often
resistant to stains.
Fossilstone: Considered a limestone that contains natural fossils such as sea shells and plants.
Travertine: Travertine is generally used for floors, walls, countertops and for outside as cladding and
pavement. Travertine is generally filled with grout before it is honed or polished, which produces a uniform
surface more like other marbles. Unfilled travertine is also quite beautiful, and is often seen as exterior
surfaces of buildings. Travertine stones result from hot spring water penetrating up through underground
limestone. When the water evaporates, it leaves behind layers of dissolved limestone and other minerals,
giving it its banded appearance. Travertine stones are generally light-colored beiges and tans.
Classified as a limestone and a marble.
II. Metamorphic stone originates from a natural change from one type of stone to another
type through the mixture of heat, pressure, and minerals. The change may be a development of
a crystalline formation, a texture change, or a color change.
Marble: Marble has been valued for thousands of years for its rich palette of beautiful colors and appearance
and is perfect, pretty much anywhere in the house. Marble stones consist of limestone that has undergone
heat and pressure. A transformation process takes place when the weight of overlying material, pressure
from crystal collisions and heat from the earth's core generate temperatures in excess of 1800ºF.
Texture of marble depends on the form, size and uniformity of grains. The element components of
marble determine the color of the stone. Generally calcite and dolomite marbles are of pure white color.
Variations of whiteness of pure marbles are due to the mixture of foreign substances. Such impurities
form streaks and clouds. Hardness rates from 2.5 to 5 on the MOH Scale.
Marble is classified into three categories: (Stone World)
1. Dolomite: If it has more than 40% magnesium carbonate.
2. Magnesian: If it has between 5% and 40% magnesium carbonate.
3. Calcite: If it has less than 5% magnesium carbonate.
Slate: A fine grained metamorphic stone that formed from clay, sedimentary rock shale, and sometimes quartz.
Very thin and can break easily. Usually black, grey, or green.
Serpentine: Identified by its marks which look like the skin of a serpent. Most popular colors are green
and brown. Hardness rates from 2.5 to 4 on the MOH Scale. Contains serpentine minerals has lots of
magnesium, and has an igneous origin. Does not always react well to re-crystallization or diamond polishing.
III. Igneous stones are mainly formed through volcanic material such as magma. Underneath the
Earths surface, liquid magma cooled and solidified. Mineral gases and liquids penetrated into the stone and
created new crystalline formations with various colors.
Granite: Granite is an important structural and decorative stone. Primarily made of Quartz (35%),
Feldspar (45%) and Potassium. It’s used for immense structural work due to its high compressive
strength and durability. It is the hardest structural stone. Granite’s rich colors, stiffness and density,
make it an ideal choice for flooring, counter tops, vanities as well as exterior applications. Many stylish
patterns and colors make granite the most versatile and trendy of all stones. It is also a very
low-maintenance stone. Granite is composed of quartz, feldspars, micas and other minerals.
These minerals contribute to the color and texture of the granite stones. Granites get their wonderful
variety of colors and patterns from minerals that are melted into the liquid mass as it is formed.
IV. Man Made Stones are derived of unnatural mixtures such resin or cement with the additive
of stone chips.
Terrazzo: Marble and granite chips embedded in a cement composition.
Agglomerate or Conglomerate: Marble chips embedded in a colored resin composition.
Cultured or Faux Marble: A mix of resins that are painted or mixed with a paint to look like marble. | |
| | | | BENEFITS OF TURKISH NATURAL STONE: |
Why settle for man-made, when you can have the real thing?
• Beautiful
Natural stone is heat resistant, stain, chip, crack and scratch resistant. It comes in colors to suit any décor scheme. Regardless of you’re your choice of style – from classical to ultra modern – natural stone will complement it well. Stone does not clash with anything, but instead takes on and reflects the colors of its’ surroundings. In fact, natural stone is just plain spectacular.
• Adds to property value
--Stone’s value and functionality compared to manmade materials in common applications
--When it comes to cost, natural stone might at first seem to be more costly than alternative surfaces, but if you consider that natural stone is the only type of surface that retains 100% of its’ value over the time, you will realize that is money well spent
--Stone’s value in “green” projects, especially in designing projects to meet sustainability standards
• Long lasting
• High quality
--Used by the Greek, Roman, French, and Ottoman Empires over the centuries
Stone surfaces will keep their beauty for generations and won’t ever need replacing, it will be clear that your investment couldn’t have been better
• Healthy
• Reduces static build-up
- Prevents dust allergies
- Improves with age
• Easy cleaning and maintenance
Reduced maintenance costs for natural stone compared to surfaces that require maintenance (such as painted or replaceable surfaces like carpet or laminate that chip, ware or keep allergens or dirt under)
• Can be installed over/under floor heating system
• Energy savings from using stone
www.terratherm.info/168365/pages.htm
Keep in mind that imitation is the sincerest form of flattery; you will now know why most man made surfaces attempt to look like stone. Lots of people have tried, but nobody yet could match the tremendous beauty and depth character of natural stone.
| | | | Visit Etradestone at Iowa Environmental Professionals: http://www.environmentalnetwork.com/env_cons/IA/ia_ec_index.asp | | |
| | The Marvels of Stone: |
Marble is a natural stone widely used for decorative entrances and corridors. Large slabs of marble are quarried, and then cut into smaller tiles.
The surface of the marble is either honed (producing a low gloss) or polished (producing a high gloss). Marble is a very soft stone; even softer than sand and is easily scratched. While it is a beautiful surface, it can also be quite sensitive to liquids and abrasion. Marble requires special care to ensure many years of beauty.
| | Stone Textures: |
Based on the formation, stones have varying textures – natural, rough, polished. However now a days the stones are fabricated as the desired texture and their usage. There are six main types of textures that are in use.
Natural As the name suggests this kind of texture comes with natural clefts which imparts a very natural look. To achieve natural surface texture the stone is ripped along its line of cleavage to reveal the natural grain & texture. This texture gives an undulating surface with great character. Honed Provides a flat to low sheen gloss. Different levels of gloss can be selected. This texture makes the surface of the stone non-reflective. Such non reflective surface is the result of grinding surface with high grit material to a uniform specification. Thus honed stone colors are not as vibrant as polished stones. A smooth finish with a slight sheen is produced by using a polishing head. This surface is very smooth, but often very porous. This texture is common in high traffic buildings. Polished Polished surface texture is a reflection of polished crystals. Such texture brings out the vibrant colors and grains of natural stones. The shine on stone surface is not result of any coating but comes from polishing bricks and powders used during fabrication. Flamed Flamed texture provides a rough surface to the stone. The roughness in the surface is brought by bursting of crystals when the stone is heated. Such a surface gives an irregular textured finish. Tumbled A slightly rough texture that is achieved by tumbling small pieces of marble, limestone, and sometimes granite to achieve an archaic or worn appearance. Bush Hammered The top surface is pneumatically tooled to produce a pitted or grooved surface finish. It uses a pounding action that develops a textured surface Sand Blasted This surface is the result of a pressurized flow of sand and water that provides a textured surface with a matte gloss. Sawn A process performed by using a gang saw. Sawn surface is coarsely polished that leaves a semi-smooth, regular finish.
| | Stone Edges: |
The finish and the smoothness of the tiles and the slabs made of a natural stone depend on the edges, and the edges depend on the way they are cut. Edges play a major role in the overall appearance of the architecture they are used in. The fine edges of a stone can enhance the overall look of ceiling, flooring or any other exterior or interior looks.
The edges are available in three different finishes which are as follows: Machine (Cut/Sawn Edges) Such tiles or slabs have a fine edge which is a result of using machines while cutting. The stones with such edges are most commonly used types of edges. Using machine is faster and it simplifies the work of the fitter as these slabs or tiles fit perfectly. Hand Chiseled Edges The edge that smoothened by the professional workers are called the Hand Chiseled Edges. Hand chiseled edges are also called hand dressed edges. They are most suitable for exterior walls and pavements. The stones are first cut into different sizes and then, they are worked upon to achieve the smoothness. This edge finish is very much similar to natural surface finish and hand dressed edges are a good combination with natural surface finish. Chamfered Edges Chamfered edges are achieved by first sawing and then polishing the stone. Most commonly found in kitchen, the chamfered edge slabs also look classic on exterior walls or any part of interior and on table tops. Chamfering removes the shine and whiteness of sawn edges.
| | Harmony Codes: |
An international goods classification system for describing cargo in international trade under a single commodity coding scheme. Developed under the auspices of the Customs Cooperations Council (CCC), an international Customs organization in Brussels, this code is a hierarchically structured product nomenclature containing approximately 5,000 headings and subheadings. It is organized into 99 chapters arranged into 22 sections.
Sections encompass an industry; chapters encompass the various materials and products of the industry. The basic code contains 44 headings and 6 digit subheadings. Many countries add digits for Customs tariff and statistical purposes. In the US, duty rates will be 8 digit level; statistical suffixes will be at the 10 digit level. The Harmonized System (HS) is the current US tariff schedule (TSUSA) for imports and is the basis for the 10 digit Schedule B export code. English HS Code Description 2514.00.00 Slate, whether or not roughly trimmed or merely cut etc.
2515.11.00 Marble and travertine, crude or roughly trimmed
2515.12.00 Marble and travertine, merely cut by sawing or otherwise into blocks
2515.20.00 Ecaussine & other calcareous monumental or building stone; alabaster
2516.11.00 Granite, Crude or roughly trimmed (M3)
2516.12.00 Granite, merely cut, by sawing or otherwise, into blocks etc
6802.21.00 Monumental/building stone, cut/sawn flat or even
6802.22.00 Monumental/building stone, cut/sawn flat or even, other calcareous stone
6802.23.00 Monumental/building stone, cut/sawn flat or even, granite
6802.29.00 Monumental/building stone, cut/sawn flat or even, (nes)
6802.91.00 Worked monumental/building stone (nes) Marble, travertine, and alabaster
6802.92.00 Worked monumental/building stone (nes) Calcareous stone (nes)
6802.93.00 Worked monumental/building stone (nes) Granite
6802.99.00 Worked monumental/building stone (nes)
6803.00.00 Worked slate and articles of slate or of agglomerated slate | | | | Stone Dimensions and Conversions: |
Commercial Trade Information and Terms:Quantities per 20 foot container (approx.): Thickness (mm) | sq.m | sq. ft. | 10 mm (3/8") thick tiles | 720 sqm | 7750 | 12 mm tiles | 620 sqm | 6675 | 15 mm tiles | 520 sqm | 5600 | 20 mm (3/4") tiles | 360 sqm | 3875 | 20 mm (3/4") slabs | 310 sqm | 3336 | 25 mm slabs | 225 sqm | 2420 | 30 mm slabs | 210 sqm | 2260 | | Blocks | 9 cbm | |
The capacity of a 20 foot container for various size products: Size | Holding capacity per 20 foot container | | 40 x 40 x 1 cm | 736 Sqm | | 60 x 60 x 1.5 cm | 550 Sqm | | 40 x 40 x 2 cm | 420 Sqm | | 60 x 60 x 2 cm | 420 Sqm | | 40 x 40 x 3 cm | 280 Sqm | | 60 x 60 x 3 cm | 280 Sqm | | 60up x 120up x 2 cm | 380 Sqm | | 60up x 120up x 3 cm | 250 Sqm | | 230up x 120up x 2 cm | 350 Sqm | | 230up x 120up x 3 cm | 233 Sqm | | 250up x 150up x 2 cm | 300 Sqm |
Metric Conversion: Meter | Feet | | 1 sq.m | 10.764 sq. ft. | | 10 mm | 3/8" | | 20 mm | 3/4" | | 30 mm | 1 1/8" |
| Feet | Inches | Cm | Mm | | 1' x 1' | 12" x 12" | 30.5 x 30.5 cm | 305 x 305 mm | | 2' x 2' | 24" x 24" | 61 x 61 cm | 610 x 610 mm | | 1.5' x 1.5' | 18" x 18" | 45.7 x 45.7 cm | 457 x 457 mm | | 2' x 1' | 24" x 12" | 61 x 30.5 cm | 610 x 305 mm |
| | CUTTING SPECIFICATIONS & PACKING DETAILS: |
12" X 12" TILES: 10MM +/- 0.5 THICK, POLISHED, BEVELED AND CALIBRATED 10 TILES IN STYROFOAM BOX, 36 STYROFOAM BOXES IN A WOODEN CRATE, 20 FULL CRATES + 4 HALF CRATES (18 STYROFOAM BOXES) IN ONE 20FT. CONTAINER TOTALING 7920 TILES= 7920 SQ. FT.
16" X 16" TILES: 12MM +/- 0.5MM THICK, POLISHED, BEVELED AND CALIBRATED 7 TILES IN STYROFOAM BOX, 32 STYROFOAM BOXES IN A WOODEN CRATE,18 CRATES CRATES IN ONE 20 FT. CONTAINER TOTALING 4032 TILES= 7168 SQ. FT. 18" X 18" TILES: 12MM +/- 0.5MM THICK, POLISHED, BEVELED AND CALIBRATED 6 TILES IN A STYROFOAM BOX, 12 STYROFOAM BOXES IN A WOODEN CRATE, 36 CRATES IN ONE 20 FT. CONTAINER TOTALING 2592 TILES= 5832 SQ. FT. 24" X 24" TILES: 20MM +/-1MM THICK, POLISHED AND CALIBRATED 50 TILES IN ONE WOODEN CRATE, 20 CRATES IN ONE 20 FT. CONTAINER TOTALING 1000 TILES = 4000 SQ. Ft.
| | Information needed for Stone Quote: |
It is important to convey the landed price, quality guarantee, money safety, and ease of purchase.
To get immediate response, please quote:
Item - trade name, material type, item type, cut-to-size slabs Quantity - number of pieces and square foot. / square meter Approximate weight Packing style Delivery period Payment terms: Price FOB or CIF Freight costs (approximate) Quality guarantee, (If the buyer can not arrange inspection, how will you guarantee quality or resolve any quality problems?)
Ideally, the price list should contain: - Exact trade name with description
- Product (slabs, tiles) with exact or minimum dimensions and surface / edge finish
- Quality: describe it and advise for which countries it is most suitable.
- Currency: Local currency if ex-works. US$ if FOB. Mention city.
- Taxes: Mention separately. Royalty also, if applicable.
- Delivery method: Packed, ex-works / fob.
- Minimum order / Quantity: E.g. truckload / container.
- Delivery time: per truckload / container.
- Supply Capacity per month
- Payment terms
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- Your Competitive Strength: quality / price / delivery and reasons
| | How to Specify: | | | - Send us as much information as possible!
- Your profile & full contact details
- Application? Drawings?
- Stone type e.g. marble, Granite, etc.
- Product tiles, blocks, etc.
- Size
- Surface polished, brushed, etc.
- Quality first, etc.
- Process quality - thickness tolerance
- Material quality - shade variation
- Quantity
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| | | | Weights & Measures: | Length - Weight - Area - Volume
LENGTH
centimetres
(cm) | cm or
inches | inches
(in) | | 2.54 | 1 | 0.394 | | 5.08 | 2 | 0.787 | | 7.62 | 3 | 1.181 | | 10.16 | 4 | 1.575 | | 12.70 | 5 | 1.969 | | 15.24 | 6 | 2.362 | | 17.78 | 7 | 2.756 | | 20.32 | 8 | 3.150 | | 22.86 | 9 | 3.543 | | 25.40 | 10 | 3.937 | | 50.80 | 20 | 7.874 | | 76.20 | 30 | 11.811 | | 101.60 | 40 | 15.748 | | 127.00 | 50 | 19.685 |
Kilometres
(Km) | Km or miles | miles | | 1.609 | 1 | 0.621 | | 3.219 | 2 | 1.243 | | 4.828 | 3 | 1.864 | | 6.437 | 4 | 2.485 | | 8.047 | 5 | 3.107 | | 9.656 | 6 | 3.728 | | 11.265 | 7 | 4.350 | | 12.875 | 8 | 4.971 | | 14.484 | 9 | 5.592 | | 16.093 | 10 | 6.214 | | 32.187 | 20 | 12.427 | | 48.280 | 30 | 18.641 | | 64.347 | 40 | 24.855 | | 80.467 | 50 | 31.069 |
Weight
Kilograms
(Kg) | Kg or
lb | Pounds
(lb) | | 0.454 | 1 | 2.205 | | 0.907 | 2 | 4.409 | | 1.361 | 3 | 6.614 | | 1.814 | 4 | 8.819 | | 2.268 | 5 | 11.023 | | 2.722 | 6 | 13.228 | | 3.175 | 7 | 15.432 | | 3.629 | 8 | 17.637 | | 4.082 | 9 | 19.842 | | 4.536 | 10 | 22.046 | | 9.072 | 20 | 44.092 | | 13.608 | 30 | 66.139 | | 18.144 | 40 | 88.185 | | 22.680 | 50 | 110.231 |
Tonnes
(T) | T or
UK tons | UK tonnes
(Metric Tonnes) | | 1.016 | 1 | 0.984 | | 2.032 | 2 | 1.968 | | 3.048 | 3 | 2.953 | | 4.064 | 4 | 3.937 | | 5.080 | 5 | 4.921 | | 6.096 | 6 | 5.905 | | 7.112 | 7 | 6.889 | | 8.128 | 8 | 7.874 | | 9.144 | 9 | 8.858 | | 10.161 | 10 | 9.842 | | 20.321 | 20 | 19.684 | | 30.481 | 30 | 29.526 | | 40.642 | 40 | 39.368 | | 50.802 | 50 | 49.210 |
AREA
hectares
(ha) | ha or
acres | acres | | 0.405 | 1 | 2.471 | | 0.809 | 2 | 4.942 | | 1.214 | 3 | 7.413 | | 1.619 | 4 | 9.884 | | 2.023 | 5 | 12.355 | | 2.428 | 6 | 14.826 | | 2.833 | 7 | 17.297 | | 3.237 | 8 | 19.769 | | 3.642 | 9 | 22.240 | | 4.047 | 10 | 24.711 | | 8.094 | 20 | 49.421 | | 12.140 | 30 | 74.132 | | 16.187 | 40 | 98.842 | | 20.234 | 50 | 123.553 |
VOLUME
Litres
( l ) | Litres or
UK Gallons | Gallons | | 4.546 | 1 | 0.220 | | 9.092 | 2 | 0.440 | | 13.638 | 3 | 0.660 | | 18.184 | 4 | 0.880 | | 22.730 | 5 | 1.100 | | 27.276 | 6 | 1.320 | | 31.822 | 7 | 1.540 | | 36.368 | 8 | 1.760 | | 40.914 | 9 | 1.980 | | 45.460 | 10 | 2.200 | | 90.919 | 20 | 4.400 | | 136.379 | 30 | 6.600 | | 181.839 | 40 | 8.800 | | 227.298 | 50 | 11.000 |
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Last modified: 12/20/05 | | |
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